Artificial Intelligence- Application and Research
What is intelligence?
The word intelligence is derived from the Latin “intelligentia” or “intellēctus”, meaning to comprehend or perceive.
Intelligence cane be defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving.
In other words, Intelligence is the ability to perceive or infer information; and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context. Simply Intelligence in computers or other machines is called artificial intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI), broadly refers to the intelligence exhibited by computer systems or computer-controlled robot/machines. AI is the ability of a digital computer to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence in order to maximize the chances of achieving defined goals. Such machines may also be called AIs.
AI is frequently applied to the project of developing systems equipped with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to discover, reason, meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience.
Usually, the traditional goals of AI research include reasoning, planning, learning, knowledge representation, natural language processing, perception, and support for robotics. Whereas, Various subfields of AI research are focused towards particular goals and the use of particular tools called General intelligence—the ability to complete any task performed by a human on an at least equal level—is among the field’s long-term goals. In order to achieve such goals, AI researchers have adapted and integrated a wide range of techniques, including search and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistics, operations research, and economics. AI also draws upon psychology, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, and other fields.
Application & Research
Some of the high-profile applications of AI are:
- The advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search)
- Virtual assistants (e.g., Google Assistant, Siri, and Alexa)
- Recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon, and Netflix)
- Autonomous vehicles (e.g., Waymo)
- Generative and creative tools (e.g., ChatGPT and AI art); and
- Superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go).
Mathematics problem solving: Large language models, such as GPT-4, Gemini, Claude, LLaMa or Mistral, are increasingly used in mathematics. They sometimes need a large database of mathematical problems to learn from, but also methods such as supervised fine-tuning or trained classifiers with human-annotated data to improve answers for new problems and learn from corrections. In January 2025, Microsoft proposed the technique rStar-Math that leverages Monte Carlo tree search and step-by-step reasoning, enabling a relatively small language model like Qwen-7B to solve 53% of the AIME 2024 and 90% of the MATH benchmark problems.
Alternatively, dedicated models for mathematical problem solving with higher precision for the outcome including proof of theorems have been developed such as AlphaTensor, AlphaGeometry and AlphaProof all from Google DeepMind, Llemma from EleutherAI or Julius.
Health and Medicine: AI is an important tool for processing and integrating big data in medical research. This is particularly important for organoid and tissue engineering development which use microscopy imaging as a key technique in fabrication. New AI tools can deepen the understanding of biomedically relevant pathways. In 2024, researchers used machine learning to accelerate the search for Parkinson’s disease drug treatments. Their aim was to identify compounds that block the clumping, or aggregation, of alpha-synuclein (the protein that characterises Parkinson’s disease). They were able to speed up the initial screening process ten-fold and reduce the cost by a thousand-fold. The application of AI in medicine and medical research has the potential to increase patient care and quality of life.
Finance: Applied AI tools are being deployed in finance sectors for retail online banking, and for investment advice and insurance. We see that automated “robot advisers” have been used by financial institutions.
Games: for example, Deep Blue became the first computer chess-playing system to beat a reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, on 11 May 1997. In 2011, in a Jeopardy! quiz show exhibition match, IBM’s question answering system, Watson, defeated the two greatest Jeopardy! champions, Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, by a significant margin. In March 2016, AlphaGo won 4 out of 5 games of Go in a match with Go champion Lee Sedol, becoming the first computer Go-playing system to beat a professional Go player without handicaps.
Military: Now various countries are deploying AI military applications to enhance command and control, communications, sensors, integration and interoperability. Research is targeting intelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, and semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles. AI technologies enable coordination of sensors and effectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, target acquisition, coordination and deconfliction of distributed Joint Fires between networked combat vehicles involving manned and unmanned teams.
AI has been used in military operations in Iraq, Syria, Israel and Ukraine.
(Source: some part of the article is taken from Wikipedia)