# Agriculture Wale > We make genius in agriculture ## Posts - [TYPES OF CHROMOSOME-STRUCTURE&DEFINITION](https://agriculturewale.com/types-of-chromosome/): TYPES OF CHROMOSOME-STRUCTURE&DEFINITION Introduction Chromosomes are thread like structure made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around protein (histones) in the nucleus of a cell.  Chromosomes were first described… - [DNA REPLICATION-DEFINITION & PROCESS](https://agriculturewale.com/dna-replication-facts-process/): DNA REPLICATION-DEFINITION & PROCESS Definition DNA replication is the biological process in which two identical replicas of DNA are formed from one original DNA molecule during cell division. The cell possesses the distinctive property of… - [WHAT IS CHROMOSOME- AN OVERVIEW](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-chromosome-an-overview/): WHAT IS CHROMOSOME- AN OVERVIEW DEFINITION A chromosome is bundles of tightly coiled DNA molecule (genetic material) of an organism, located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our… - [EMASCULATION MEANING- PURPOSE & METHODS](https://agriculturewale.com/emasculation-meaning/): EMASCULATION MEANING- PURPOSE & METHODS DEFINITION It is the process of removal of stamens or anthers or killing of pollen grains of a flower without affecting the female reproductive organs.… - [WHAT IS HYBRIDIZATION- AIM & TYPES](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-hybridization/): WHAT IS HYBRIDIZATION- AIM & TYPES INTRODUCTION Simply the crossing of two plants or lines of dissimilar genotype is known as hybridization. It may be inter-specific or intraspecific hybridization. The… - [LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER-AN OVERVIEW](https://agriculturewale.com/linkage-and-crossing-over-an-overview/): LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER-AN OVERVIEW Genetic linkage is the tendency of genes to remain together on a chromosome and/or to be inherited together when the gametes are formed during the meiosis phase… - [CROSS POLLINATION- MECHANISM AND CONSEQUENCES](https://agriculturewale.com/cross-pollination/): CROSS POLLINATION- MECHANISM AND CONSEQUENCES DEFINITION When pollen is transferred from the stamen of a flower to the stigma of a flower on another plant, called cross-pollination. It is also… - [SELF POLLINATION-MECHANISM & CONSEQUENCES](https://agriculturewale.com/self-pollination/): SELF POLLINATION-MECHANISM & CONSEQUENCES DEFINITION When pollen from one flower pollinates the same flower or other flowers of the same plant, known as self-pollination. There are two types of self-pollination… - [WHAT IS POLLINATION- PROCESS & MECHANISM](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-pollination/): WHAT IS POLLINATION- PROCESS & MECHANISM Definition The transfer of pollen grains from male part of a plant (Anther) to female part of the plant (Stigma) is called pollination. Later… - [PLANT HORMONES- TYPES & EFFECTS](https://agriculturewale.com/plant-hormones/): PLANT HORMONES-  TYPES & EFFECTS DEFINITION Plant hormones are chemicals naturally produced in plants that in small amounts promote and influence the growth, development, and differentiation of cells and tissues.… - [DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS](https://agriculturewale.com/difference-between-diffusion-and-osmosis/): DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS DIFFUSION The movement of substances or molecules, atoms, ions from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration until molecules are evenly… - [WHAT DIFFUSION IS- ROLE & IMPORTANCE](https://agriculturewale.com/what-diffusion-is/): WHAT DIFFUSION IS- ROLE & IMPORTANCE DEFINITION The movement of substances or molecules, atoms, ions from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration is called diffusion.… - [WHAT OSMOSIS IS- DEFINITION & PROCESS](https://agriculturewale.com/what-osmosis-is/): WHAT OSMOSIS IS- DEFINITION & PROCESS DEFINITION Osmosis is the movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower concentration of solution toward a higher concentration… - [CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES](https://agriculturewale.com/classification-of-enzymes/): CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES Definition– Enzymes are proteinaceous substance that acts as biological and organic catalysts which alter the rate of chemical reactions that takes place in the living systems.  … - [DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA-HISTORY & CAPACITY BUILDING](https://agriculturewale.com/disaster-management-in-india-history-capacity-building/): DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA-HISTORY & CAPACITY BUILDING INTRODUCTION In India, disaster management is mainly related to conservation of lives and property during natural and man-made disaster. India is prominently vulnerable… - [WHAT IS ENZYME- NATURE AND PROPERTIES](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-enzyme-nature-and-properties/): WHAT IS ENZYME- NATURE AND PROPERTIES DEFINITION Enzymes are proteinaceous substance that acts as biological and organic catalysts which alter the rate of chemical reactions that takes place in the… - [WHAT IS DISASTER MANAGEMENT](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-disaster-management/): WHAT IS DISASTER MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION Disaster management simply means conservation of life and property during natural or man-made disaster. It refers to the organization and management of resources and responsibilities… - [WHAT IS DISASTER- MEANING & TYPES](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-disaster-meaning-types/): WHAT IS DISASTER- MEANING & TYPES INTRODUCTION Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society, which involves widespread destruction of life and property or environmental… - [WHAT IS EUTROPHICATION-MECHANISM, CONSEQUENCES & CONTROL](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-eutrophication-mechanism-consequences-control/): WHAT IS EUTROPHICATION-MECHANISM, CONSEQUENCES & CONTROL INTRODUCTION Eutrophication is derived from Greek word “eutrophos” meaning “well-nourished.” It refers to enrichment of water by minerals and nutrient that causes excessive growth of algae… - [CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD](https://agriculturewale.com/central-pollution-control-board/): CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD INTRODUCTION The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is a statutory organization, serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment and… - [WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION- SOURCES, EFFECTS & CONTROL](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-air-pollution-sources-effects-control/): WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION- SOURCES, EFFECTS & CONTROL INTRODUCTION It refers to contamination in earth’s atmosphere mainly through gaseous emissions from industry, thermal power stations, automobiles, domestic combustion etc. Air… - [WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION-TYPES, SOURCES & CONTROL](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-water-pollution-types-sources-control/): WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION-TYPES, SOURCES & CONTROL INTRODUCTION Water pollution occurs when harmful substances damage the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water bodies and usually by human activities. Water… - [WHAT IS SOIL POLLUTION-SOURCES, EFFECT & CONTROL](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-soil-pollution-sources-effect-control/): WHAT IS SOIL POLLUTION-SOURCES, EFFECT & CONTROL INTRODUCTION Soil is basis of life where we reside and get our food supply. Though soil is not a renewable resource and its… - [ESSAY ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION](https://agriculturewale.com/essay-on-environmental-pollution/): ESSAY ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION INTRODUCTION Pollution is contamination or undesirable changes in the environment which is harmful for the plants, animals and microorganisms. It spoils physical, chemical and biological characteristics… - [RED DATA BOOK- CONSERVATION CATEGORY](https://agriculturewale.com/red-data-book/): RED DATA BOOK- CONSERVATION CATEGORY INTRODUCTION Red Data Book provides scientifically based information on the status of species and sub-species at a global level. It is designed to draw attention… - [ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID- DEFINITION & TYPES](https://agriculturewale.com/ecological-pyramid/): ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID DEFINITION It is a graphical representation designed to show various trophic level and biomass at each trophic level of an ecosystem. IMPORTANT POINTS Since the graphical representation shows… - [WHAT IS ECOLOGY- OVERVIEW & TYPES](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-ecology-overview-types/): WHAT IS ECOLOGY- OVERVIEW & TYPES OVERVIEW Ecology is the branch of biology that studies interaction among organisms in their natural habitat, which includes biotic and abiotic components. The term… - [PM KISAN MANDHAN YOJANA](https://agriculturewale.com/pm-kisan-mandhan-yojana/): PM KISAN MANDHAN YOJANA INTRODUCTION PM Kisan Mandhan Yojana is an old age pension scheme for all land holding Small and Marginal Farmers (SMFs) in the country. It is a… - [PM KISAN SAMMAN NIDHI YOJNA](https://agriculturewale.com/pm-kisan-samman-nidhi-yojna/): PM KISAN SAMMAN NIDHI YOJNA INTRODUCTION Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) is a Central Sector Scheme launched on 24th February, 2019.  The scheme provides income support to all landholding… - [HYDROLOGIC CYCLE- MEANING & PROCESSES](https://agriculturewale.com/hydrologic-cycle/): HYDROLOGIC CYCLE- MEANING & PROCESSES MEANING The hydrological cycle describes the continuous circulation of water on, above and below the surface of the earth. It means the continuous movement of… - [ANTHESIS MEANING- AN OVERVIEW](https://agriculturewale.com/anthesis-meaning/): ANTHESIS MEANING- AN OVERVIEW DefinitionAnthesis is the first opening of a flower during process of flowering. It is the period when a flower becomes sexually functional. It means anthesis facilitates… - [HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES- KEY FEATURES](https://agriculturewale.com/homologous-chromosomes/): HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES- KEY FEATURES DEFINITIONHomologous chromosomes are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome which makes pairing with each other within a cell during gamete formation. Pairing of… - [WHAT IS MUTATION- AN OVERVIEW & TYPES](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-mutation/): WHAT IS MUTATION- AN OVERVIEW & TYPES Overview Mutation refers to sudden heritable change in an organism due to alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of that organism.… - [SYNAPSIS MEANING- PROCESS & FUNCTION](https://agriculturewale.com/synapsis-meaning/): SYNAPSIS MEANING- PROCESS & FUNCTION SYNAPSIS MEANING Synapsis is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis. Later their segregation and possible chromosomal crossover between… - [DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL](https://agriculturewale.com/difference-between-plant-cell-and-animal-cell/): DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL Plant cells are eukaryotic cells present in green plants. Their distinctive features include primary cell walls, presence of chloroplast with the capability to perform photosynthesis and a… - [DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS](https://agriculturewale.com/difference-between-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells/): DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS Eukaryotic cells– contain membrane-bound organelles, such as well-defined nucleus having DNA or genetic materials. Examples are animals, plants, fungi and protists. Prokaryotic cells– it… - [CROSSING OVER- PROCESS & FUNCTION](https://agriculturewale.com/crossing-over/): CROSSING OVER- PROCESS & FUNCTION INTRODUCTION Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments or genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosome. It is also known as chromosomal cross… - [MITOSIS & MEIOSIS- CELL DIVISION](https://agriculturewale.com/mitosis-meiosis/): MITOSIS & MEIOSIS- CELL DIVISION INTRODUCTION Cell division is the process by which chromosome and cytoplasm of a parent cell divided into daughter cells. In eukaryotic cell two distinct type… - [CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION](https://agriculturewale.com/cell-structure-and-function/): CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION DEFINITION OF CELL A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. The word cell is derived from “cella” meaning “small room.” Cell is… - [DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENE AND ALLELE](https://agriculturewale.com/difference-between-gene-and-allele/): DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENE AND ALLELE GENE It is a hereditary unit or hereditary material which is located on the chromosome. Chemically, gene is a genetically functional segment of DNA (genetic… - [MENDEL'S LAW OF INHERITANCE](https://agriculturewale.com/mendels-law-of-inheritance/): MENDEL’S LAW OF INHERITANCE INTRODUCTION Mendelian inheritance describes the type of biological inheritance proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866, re-discovered in 1900 by three European scientist Hugo de… - [ENERGY FLOW OF ECOSYSTEM](https://agriculturewale.com/energy-flow-of-ecosystem/): ENERGY FLOW OF ECOSYSTEM The process of energy transformation in an ecosystem from one organism to the other organism is called energy cycle or flow of energy. The cycle of… - [TYPES OF THE ECOSYSTEM](https://agriculturewale.com/types-of-the-ecosystem/): TYPES OF THE ECOSYSTEM Ecosystem An ecosystem is the ecological system or a community of living and nonliving components where both these components of the environment interact with each other.… - [BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IN INDIA](https://agriculturewale.com/biodiversity-hotspots-in-india/): BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IN INDIA INTRODUCTION Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species richness and a high degree of endemism (Endemic species). Norman Myers, the British biologist coined the term “biodiversity hotspot” in 1988 as a… - [IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY](https://agriculturewale.com/importance-of-biodiversity/): IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY INTRODUCTION Diversity is the beauty of nature. Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability among the living organism on the earth. It refers to the variety of living organism… - [WHAT BIODIVERSITY IS- TYPES & THREATS](https://agriculturewale.com/what-biodiversity-is/): WHAT BIODIVERSITY IS- TYPES & THREATS INTRODUCTION Biodiversity (Biological diversity) is the variety and variability among the living organism on the earth. It refers to the variety of living organism… - [WHAT IS PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-process-of-communication/): WHAT IS PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION INTRODUCTIONCommunication is derived from Latin word “communicare” meaning “to share”. It is the process of sharing of ideas or feelings or meanings through a mutual… - [WHAT IS WEEDS-CHARACTERISTIC, CLASSIFICATION & CONTROL](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-weeds/): WHAT IS WEEDS-CHARACTERISTIC, CLASSIFICATION & CONTROL DEFINITION Weed is unwanted and undesirable plants which interfere with a variety of human activities through utilization of land and water resources. In agriculture,… - [NITROGEN FIXATION-DEFINITION, PROCESS& TYPES](https://agriculturewale.com/nitrogen-fixation/): NITROGEN FIXATION-DEFINITION, PROCESS& TYPES DEFINITION Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted by a natural or an industrial means into Ammonia (NH3), Nitrate or Nitrites. In… - [CASH CROPS-DEFINITION & EXAMPLE](https://agriculturewale.com/cash-crops/): DEFINITIONA cash crop is an agricultural crop grown to earn hard cash or sell for profit. All the cash crops are commercial crops e.g. Cotton, Jute, Tobacco, Sugarcane etc. These… - [STRIP CROPPING-DEFINITION,USE&TYPES](https://agriculturewale.com/strip-cropping/): DEFINITIONIt is a method of farming in which two or more crops are grown simultaneously into long narrow strips wide enough to permit independent cultivation but narrow enough to interact… - [PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL BIMA YOJANA](https://agriculturewale.com/pradhan-mantri-fasal-bima-yojana/): PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL BIMA YOJANA INTRODUCTION India is the country of farmers since maximum proportion of rural population depends on agriculture and allied activities. In our country, farmers often face… - [Water Harvesting-Type and Importance](https://agriculturewale.com/water-harvesting-type-and-importance/): Water Harvesting-Type and Importance Introduction Water harvesting is the process of collecting and storing rainwater or runoff for future use. In India, where rainfall is highly seasonal and unevenly distributed,… - [SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE-DEFINITION & IMPORTANCE](https://agriculturewale.com/sustainable-agriculture/): Introduction It is that form of farming which produces sufficient food and textiles to meet the needs of present generation without compromising the ecological balance and life supporting system of… - [RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA](https://agriculturewale.com/rashtriya-krishi-vikas-yojana/): Introduction RKVY scheme was introduced in 2007 as an umbrella scheme for ensuring holistic development of agriculture and allied sectors. The scheme has enabled all the states to choose their… - [HUMUS MEANING- COMPOSITION & BENEFITS](https://agriculturewale.com/humus-meaning/): HUMUS MEANING- COMPOSITION & BENEFITS Introduction Humus is the brown or dark brown amorphous organic matter that forms in soil when dead plant and animal matter decays. Various soil organisms… - [SOIL HEALTH CARD-AIM & BENEFITS](https://agriculturewale.com/soil-health-card/): SOIL HEALTH CARD-AIM & BENEFITS Introduction A soil health card (SHC) is printed report shows the status of soil with respect to 12- parameters, namely N,P,K (Macronutrients); S (Secondary- nutrient);… - [KISAN CREDIT CARD- REVISED FEATURES](https://agriculturewale.com/kisan-credit-card/): KISAN CREDIT CARD- OBJECTIVES & REVISED FEATURES Introduction It is a credit scheme introduced in 1998, with aim to meet the comprehensive credit requirements of the agriculture sector. The scheme… - [FULL FORM OF NABARD-ROLE & FUNCTION](https://agriculturewale.com/full-form-of-nabard-role-history/): FULL FORM OF NABARD-ROLE & FUNCTION INTRODUCTION National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is an Apex Development bank for agriculture and rural Development in India. It was established on the… - [TYPE OF ROCKS- PROPERTIES & EXAMPLES](https://agriculturewale.com/type-of-rocks/): TYPE OF ROCKS – PROPERTIES & EXAMPLES INTRODUCTION Rocks are mixture of minerals which forms outer solid layer of the earth, called crust. A rock is naturally occurring solid aggregates… - [TYPES OF FARMERS-GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES](https://agriculturewale.com/types-of-farmers-government-initiatives/): Farmer is a person engaged in agriculture and raising livestock for food and other raw materials. In advance economics, someone who owns or takes care of farm is called a… - [KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA- ROLE & FUNCTION](https://agriculturewale.com/krishi-vigyan-kendra/): KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA- ROLE & FUNCTION INTRODUCTIONKrishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System (NARS). It means, it is an agriculture extension Centre i.e.… - [WHAT IS WEATHERING- TYPES & PROCESS](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-weathering-types-process/): WHAT IS WEATHERING- TYPES & PROCESS INTRODUCTION The mechanical breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface is called weathering. Plant and animal life, atmosphere and water are the major agents… - [MULCHING MEANING- TYPES & USAGE](https://agriculturewale.com/mulching-meaning-types-usage/): MULCHING MEANING- TYPES & USAGE What is Mulch & Mulching? Mulching is the process of applying natural or artificial layer of plant residue or other materials on the soil surface.… - [WHAT IS DROUGHT- CAUSE & EFFECTS](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-drought-cause-effects/): INTRODUCTIONA drought is the situation of prolonged shortages in the water supply, that may be atmospheric (rainfall is less than 75% of the normal or below average precipitation), surface water or… - [FORMATION OF SOIL-PROCESS & FACTOR OF SOIL FORMATION](https://agriculturewale.com/formation-of-soil/): FORMATION OF SOIL-PROCESS & FACTOR OF SOIL FORMATIONINTRODUCTIONSoil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. It is the medium for plant growth… - [SOIL STRUCTURE- FORMATION & TYPES](https://agriculturewale.com/soil-structure/): SOIL STRUCTURE- FORMATION & TYPES Definition & PropertiesSoil structure can be defined as the arrangement of soil particles (sand, silt, and clay) and their aggregates into certain defined pattern. Single… - [DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANURE AND FERTILIZERS](https://agriculturewale.com/difference-between-manure-and-fertilizers/): DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANURE AND FERTILIZERS IntroductionManure refers to the natural substance that is obtained from the decomposition of the waste of plant and animals, which are used as sources of plant… - [SOIL PROFILE- DIFFERENT HORIZONS](https://agriculturewale.com/soil-profile/): SOIL PROFILE- DIFFERENT HORIZONS DEFINITIONThe vertical section of the soil through all its horizons from the ground surface extending downwards into parent material (Bedrock) is called soil profile. Individual layers… - [SOIL TEXTURE- CLASSIFICATION & INFLUENCE](https://agriculturewale.com/soil-texture/): SOIL TEXTURE- CLASSIFICATION & INFLUENCE INTRODUCTION The relative proportion of sand, silt and clay is called soil texture, since it is concerned with the size of mineral particles. The primary… - [SOIL TYPES IN INDIA: FEATURES](https://agriculturewale.com/soil-types-in-india/): SOIL TYPES IN INDIA: FEATURES INTRODUCTIONSoil is the porous, powdery and unconsolidated outer layer of the earth’s crust which is formed by weathering of minerals and decomposition of organic substances.… - [CROPPING PATTERN-CROPPING SYSTEM](https://agriculturewale.com/cropping-pattern-cropping-system/): CROPPING PATTERN-CROPPING SYSTEM CROPPING PATTERN Type and arrangement of crops in time and space is called cropping pattern. It can also be defined as the proportion of area under various… - [TYPES OF FARMING- SYSTEM OF FARMING](https://agriculturewale.com/types-of-farming-system-of-farming/): TYPES OF FARMING- SYSTEM OF FARMING INTRODUCTION Nature of land, climatic characteristics and available irrigational facilities are the key source which affect the farming, farmers can adopt. According to Johnson,… - [WHAT IS ORGANIC FARMING- KEY FEATURES](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-organic-farming/): WHAT IS ORGANIC FARMING- KEY FEATURES DEFINITION Organic farming is an integrated farming system that makes strenuous effort for sustainability, the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity. It includes… - [REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS-TYPES & USE](https://agriculturewale.com/reproduction-in-plants/): REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS-TYPES & USE INTRODUCTION Reproduction in plants refers to production of new offspring in plants which can be either asexual or sexual methods. Sexual reproduction is the production of new… - [INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM](https://agriculturewale.com/integrated-farming-system/): INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM DEFINITION–As the term “integrate” means to form into one whole. It refers to Integration of various agricultural enterprises like crop production, animal husbandry, fishery, forestry etc. which… - [CROP ROTATION- CHOICE & BENEFITS](https://agriculturewale.com/crop-rotation-choice-benefits/): CROP ROTATION- CHOICE & BENEFITS INTRODUCTIONCrop Rotation the practice of growing different type of crops in a specific order on the same piece of land in sequenced season. It is… - [Subsistence Farming- Types & Examples](https://agriculturewale.com/subsistence-farming-types-examples/): Subsistence Farming- Types & Examples IntroductionSubsistence farming is that form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the… - [WHAT IS IRRIGATION- DIFFERENT METHODS](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-irrigation/): WHAT IS IRRIGATION- DIFFERENT METHODS DEFINITION Irrigation is the artificial application of water to soil/land for the purpose of supplying essential moisture for crop production. Since water is essential part… - [WHAT IS ATMOSPHERE- STRUCTURE & LAYERS](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-atmosphere/): WHAT IS ATMOSPHERE- STRUCTURE & LAYERS DEFINITION Atmosphere is layer of mixture of gases that surround the earth or a planet. It is colorless, odorless, and tasteless mixture of gases… - [WHAT IS SOIL EROSION- TYPES & MECHANISM](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-soil-erosion/): WHAT IS SOIL EROSION- TYPES & MECHANISM DEFINITION Soil erosion is the process of removal or detachment of soil particles from the parent body and transportation of such particles by… - [DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIMATE & WEATHER](https://agriculturewale.com/difference-between-climate-weather/): DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIMATE & WEATHER WEATHER Weather may be defined as state or condition of atmosphere at a given place and at a given time. It is state or variation… - [Green Revolution in India- Its Impact](https://agriculturewale.com/green-revolution-in-india-its-impact/): Green Revolution in India- Its Impact INTRODUCTION Green Revolution in India occurred in 1965-66, when Indian agriculture evolved into commercial and industrial system through adoption of new technology. And, as… - [AGRICULTURE IN INDIA: DEVELOPMENT & PRESENT SCENARIO](https://agriculturewale.com/agriculture-in-india/): AGRICULTURE IN INDIA: DEVELOPMENT & PRESENT SCENARIO INTRODUCTION At present, agriculture in India as elsewhere has evolved itself through the ages. Earlier India was a pastoral country before the introduction… - [What is Agriculture-History of Agriculture](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-agriculture/): What is Agriculture-History of Agriculture Introduction The term agriculture is derived from Latin words ‘ager’ or ‘agri’ meaning “soil” & ‘cultura’ meaning “cultivation”.  To produce the crops, human beings tilled… - [Hello world!](https://agriculturewale.com/hello-world/): Welcome to WordPress. This is your first post. Edit or delete it, then start writing! - [ANIMAL HUSBANDRY MCQ PART 1](https://agriculturewale.com/animal-husbandry-mcq-part-1/): ANIMAL HUSBANDRY MCQ PART 1 These MCQs are collected from various exams conducted by SAUs, IBPS and civil services exams. Here is the part one. 1. The first cloned sheep… - [DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BREED AND SPECIES](https://agriculturewale.com/difference-between-breed-and-species/): DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BREED AND SPECIES The main difference between breed and species is that breed is a specific group of animals that is selectively bred for the preservation of specific characteristics whereas, species is the largest group… - [SYSTEMS OF BREEDING- DIFFERENT METHODS](https://agriculturewale.com/systems-of-breeding/): SYSTEMS OF BREEDING- DIFFERENT METHODS Animal breeding is performed to domestic animals in order to improve desirable qualities and to better suit human needs. Generally, two ways of matings are prevalent:… - [ANIMAL BREEDING- BREEDING AND VARIATION](https://agriculturewale.com/animal-breeding/): ANIMAL BREEDING- BREEDING AND VARIATION Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that deals with the evaluation of the genetic value of livestock using different methods. Animals with superior breeding value in growth… - [SOIL ORGANIC MATTER- MEANING & COMPONENT](https://agriculturewale.com/soil-organic-matter/): SOIL ORGANIC MATTER- MEANING & COMPONENT Meaning & Definition Soil organic matter is any material produced originally by living organisms (plant or animal) that is returned to the soil and… - [PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY WILTING POINT](https://agriculturewale.com/permanent-and-temporary-wilting-point/): PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY WILTING POINT History Lyman Briggs and Homer LeRoy Shantz (1912) proposed the wilting coefficient. It is defined as the percentage water content of a soil when the plants… - [NITROGEN CYCLE- PROCESS & IMPORTANCE](https://agriculturewale.com/nitrogen-cycle/): NITROGEN CYCLE- PROCESS & IMPORTANCE Introduction Nitrogen cycle refers to the movement of nitrogen across different reservoirs, including living organisms, in different forms via chemical processes. Nitrogen cycleis one of… - [NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION](https://agriculturewale.com/nitrification-and-denitrification/): NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION NITRIFICATION Nitrification is a biological process of oxidation of ammonia into nitrite and then to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. It is an aerobic process and performed by… - [BANKING & FINANCIAL CURRENT AFFAIRS NOVEMBER 2021](https://agriculturewale.com/banking-financial-current-affairs-november-2021/): BANKING & FINANCIAL CURRENT AFFAIRS NOVEMBER 2021 Prime Minister Narendra Modi has launched two innovative customer-centric initiatives of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). (1) RBI Retail Direct Scheme and… - [BANKING & FINANCIAL CURRENT AFFAIRS OCTOBER 2021](https://agriculturewale.com/banking-financial-current-affairs-october-2021/): BANKING & FINANCIAL CURRENT AFFAIRS OCTOBER 2021 The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has granted the National Asset Reconstruction Company (NARCL) the license to register as an asset reconstruction company… - [BANKING & FINANCIAL CURRENT AFFAIRS SEPTEMBER 2021](https://agriculturewale.com/banking-financial-current-affairs-september-2021/): BANKING & FINANCIAL CURRENT AFFAIRS SEPTEMBER 2021 RBI has announced the theme for the Third Cohort under the Regulatory Sandbox (RS) as ‘MSME Lending’. The application for the Third Cohort… - [SOIL CONSISTENCY- MEASURE AND ATTERBERG LIMIT](https://agriculturewale.com/soil-consistency/): SOIL CONSISTENCY-  MEASURE AND ATTERBERG LIMIT Meaning Soil consistency refers to the resistance of soil to mechanical stress or manipulation at various moisture contents. 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Homogeneous & Heterogeneous mixture-… - [RAMSAR CONVENTION- IMPORTANCE, THREATS & CONSERVATION CHALLANGES](https://agriculturewale.com/ramsar-convention/): RAMSAR CONVENTION- IMPORTANCE, THREATS & CONSERVATION CHALLANGES About Ramsar convention (Quick Facts) The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. Established… - [INDIA STATE OF FOREST REPORT 2021](https://agriculturewale.com/india-state-of-forest-report-2021/): INDIA STATE OF FOREST REPORT 2021 The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has released the India State of Forest Report 2021. It is 17th survey; the… - [MCQ ON SEED TECHNOLOGY PART-2](https://agriculturewale.com/mcq-on-seed-technology-part-2/): MCQ ON SEED TECHNOLOGY PART-2 The colour of Seed lot certificate is? (A) Orange (B) Green (C) Purple (D) Orange or Green The process of Seed drying is very important… - [MCQ ON SEED TECHNOLOGY PART-1](https://agriculturewale.com/mcq-on-seed-technology-part-1/): MCQ ON SEED TECHNOLOGY PART-1 1. Which of the following method is used to check varietal purity? A. Germination test B. Grow out test C. Viability test D. Vigour test… - [BANKING & FINANCIAL CURRENT AFFAIRS DECEMBER 2021](https://agriculturewale.com/banking-financial-current-affairs-december-2021/): BANKING & FINANCIAL CURRENT AFFAIRS DECEMBER 2021 BANKING & FINANCIAL CURRENT AFFAIRS Reserve Bank of India has imposed several restrictions under subsection (1) of Section 35 A of the Banking… - [ZERO BUDGET NATURAL FARMING](https://agriculturewale.com/zero-budget-natural-farming/): ZERO BUDGET NATURAL FARMING Debt is a problem for farmers of all sizes in India. Privatized seeds, inputs, and markets are inaccessible and expensive for peasants, making small scale farming… - [NATURAL FARMING- DIFFERENT FORMS](https://agriculturewale.com/natural-farming/): NATURAL FARMING- DIFFERENT FORMS Natural Farming is a chemical-free otherwise traditional farming method. It is considered as agro-ecology based diversified farming system which integrates crops, trees and livestock with functional… - [MCQ ON BIOLOGY PART-1](https://agriculturewale.com/mcq-on-biology-part-1/): MCQ ON BIOLOGY PART-1 In this post, we have collected some imortant multiple choice questions which are asked during various state PCS examination. We hope it will be helpful for… - [VICES IN POULTRY- CAUSES AND PREVENTION](https://agriculturewale.com/vices-in-poultry/): VICES IN POULTRY- CAUSES AND PREVENTION Birds may suffer from certain bad habits, known as poultry vices. Such bad habits become quite extensive right from the beginning and their eradication… - [ANIMAL TERMINOLOGY- LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION](https://agriculturewale.com/animal-terminology/): ANIMAL TERMINOLOGY- LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Act of giving birth– Parturition, or birth or childbirth or labour or delivery, is the process of bringing forth a child from the uterus, ending pregnancy. Age at first calving– The desirable age at… - [DEMONSTRATION METHOD- PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES](https://agriculturewale.com/demonstration-method/): DEMONSTRATION METHOD- PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES Meaning– Demonstration means showing by doing. The basic principle of Demonstration is learning by seeing and doing. Farmers & Demonstrations A good, practical demonstration is… - [BREED OF SHEEP AND GOAT](https://agriculturewale.com/breed-of-sheep-and-goat/): BREED OF SHEEP AND GOAT In this blog, we will see breeds of sheep and cattle with their important characteristics for exam point of view. Sheep Breed (Indian) Meat purpose… - [BREED OF CATTLE AND BUFFALO](https://agriculturewale.com/breed-of-cattle-and-buffalo/): BREED OF CATTLE AND BUFFALO In this blog we have summarized the breed of cattle and buffalo with their important and unique characteristics. Indigenous Dairy Breed of cattle along with… - [Milk- Milk Nutrients and Composition](https://agriculturewale.com/milk/): Milk- Milk Nutrients and Composition Milk is a nutrient-rich liquid food produced by the secretion from mammary glands of mammals. As an agricultural product, dairy milk is collected from farm… - [Money Mule- Definition, Types & Operation](https://agriculturewale.com/money-mule-definition-types-operation/): Money Mule- Definition, Types & Operation What is a Money Mule? A money mule is a person who transfers or moves money received from criminal activity on behalf of others. In other words, a money mule is someone who transfers illegally acquired money on behalf of criminals. Some money mules know they are assisting with criminal activity, but others are unaware that their actions are helping fraudsters or criminals. If someone you don’t know sends you money and asks you to forward or transfer the money, you could be fueling fraud by serving as a money mule. Based on the participation, […] - [Farmer Markets: The Rise of Local Food Systems](https://agriculturewale.com/farmer-markets/): Farmer Markets: The Rise of Local Food Systems Introduction Farmer markets are the cornerstone of localized food systems. They bypass traditional middlemen, allowing growers to sell produce directly to consumers. This model boosts regional economies, ensures access to fresh foods, and significantly shrinks carbon footprints by drastically reducing “food miles”. Key points are: Farmer markets are local marketplaces where producers sell directly to consumers. They strengthen rural economies by cutting out middlemen and ensuring farmers get fair returns. Promote community engagement and awareness of sustainable agriculture. Encourage local food systems, reducing dependence on imports and long supply chains. Rise of local […] - [Sustainable Agriculture in India](https://agriculturewale.com/sustainable-agriculture-in-india/): Sustainable Agriculture in India Introduction Agriculture has always been the backbone of India’s economy, but today it faces new challenges such as, climate change, soil degradation, and rising food demand. To secure the future of farming, sustainable practices like drip irrigation, agroforestry, and regenerative agriculture are becoming essential. These innovations not only improve crop yields but also strengthen food security and protect natural resources. Sustaining agricultural productivity depends on quality and availability of natural resources like soil and water. Agricultural growth can be sustained by promoting conservation and sustainable use of these scarce natural resources through appropriate location specific measures. Key […] - [Best Mango Varieties in India](https://agriculturewale.com/best-mango-varieties-in-india/): Best Mango Varieties in India Introduction Mango is a large evergreen long lived fruit tree and one of the most important tropical fruit crops worldwide. It belongs to cashew family (Anacardiaceae), and native to South Asia. Mango tree can grow up to 30–40 m tall, live for centuries, and produces fleshy drupes with a single large seed. Mangoes are highly seasonal (March–July depending on variety). India is home to over 1,000 mango varieties, but the most notable ones include Alphonso, Kesar, Dasheri, Langra, Banganapalli, and Imam Pasand. Each prized for its unique flavor, aroma, and texture. Gujarat’s Kesar and Maharashtra’s Alphonso […] - [GDP NDP GNP & NNP- MEANING & DIFFERENCES](https://agriculturewale.com/gdp-ndp-gnp-nnp-meaning-differences/): GDP NDP GNP & NNP- MEANING & DIFFERENCES What is GDP? GDP is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. In other words, GDP refers to total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period. GDP includes final goods/services while it excludes intermediate goods, used goods, illegal activities, non-market transactions (like household work). GDP is measured using three methods (Expenditure, Income, and Product/Value Added). Net Domestic Product (NDP): Net value of GDP after deducting depreciation. The National Statistical Office (NSO) under […] - [How to Improve Credit Score](https://agriculturewale.com/how-to-improve-credit-score/): How to Improve Credit Score What is a Credit Score? A credit score is a three‑digit number (India: 300–900, US: 300–850) that represents your creditworthiness. Basically, it shows how reliable you are at repaying borrowed money. Lenders use it to decide whether to approve loans or credit cards and what interest rate to offer based on your score. Definition: Credit score is the numerical measure of creditworthiness, based on your borrowing and repayment history. Purpose: It helps banks/NBFCs/FI to assess the risk of lending to the customer. Higher the credit scores result in easier loan approvals, lower interest rates and better […] - [What Are the Best Products for Increasing Farm Productivity](https://agriculturewale.com/what-are-the-best-products-for-increasing-farm-productivity/): What Are the Best Products for Increasing Farm Productivity? Top Tools & Inputs for Higher Yields Farming in the modern world is far more about making the right choices along the way rather than just working harder. Under the pressure of rising inputs, uncertain climate, and tighter margins, boosting farm productivity is not just about growth. The encouraging factor is that the growth in the range of products and equipment in modern agriculture is phenomenal, with the new offering addressing many intricacies of the livestock enterprise and offering solutions to specifically benefit you. It is crucial to understand how they can […] - [Ethics and Values: Key Differences](https://agriculturewale.com/ethics-and-values-key-differences/): Ethics and Values: Key Differences Introduction Ethics and Values together are pillars for sustainability. These two are sometimes used synonymously but are different. Ethics are the set of rules established by a group or culture that govern the behaviour of a person, whereas Values refer to the beliefs for which a person has an enduring preference. Ethics are external, standardized guidelines for moral conduct within professional or social settings, while values are internal, individual beliefs (such as integrity, honesty, and compassion) that determine personal judgment and motivation. Thus, when we have to make a choice between two things- ethics determine what […] - [Types of ATM & Their Functions](https://agriculturewale.com/types-of-atm-their-functions/): Types of ATM & Their Functions Introduction An ATM (Automated Teller Machine) is a self-service electronic telecommunication device that allows users/customers to perform financial transactions such as, cash withdrawals, balance inquiries, and funds transfers without a human teller. Primarily used for 24/7 banking access, they act as “mini bank branches” via debit or credit cards. An automated teller machine is also known as an Automated Banking Machine (ABM) or Electronic Banking Device. In UK/Europe, it is also called as Cash Machine/Cash Point. Functions of ATMs The services generally offered at an ATM are: Cash Withdrawal Cash/Cheque Deposits Balance Inquiry Fund Transfers […] - [Debt and Equity Meaning](https://agriculturewale.com/debt-and-equity-meaning/): Debt and Equity Meaning In finance, debt and equity are the two primary ways a company or individual raises capital to fund operations, purchases, or investments. Debt involves borrowing money to be repaid with interest, and equity involves selling ownership stakes in the company. Debt: Borrowed Capital Debt represents a loan that must be repaid over a specified timeframe, usually with interest. OR Debt financing refers to borrowing money from lenders (Banks or financial institutions), with the obligation to repay the principal plus interest over a specified period. Debt can be in the form of loans, bonds, mortgages, or lines of credit, and may be secured or unsecured. […] - [Agriculture vs Farming](https://agriculturewale.com/agriculture-vs-farming/): Agriculture vs Farming Agriculture is the broad science, art, and business of cultivating soil, producing food, fiber, and other resources, and raising livestock, encompassing the entire food system from research to distribution. Farming is a subset of agriculture that focuses specifically on cultivating land and raising animals. It refers specifically to the hands-on, practical activity of working the land to grow crops or rear animals. There are various farming types and systems. In short, all farming is agriculture, but not all agriculture is farming. Read also… TYPES OF FARMING- SYSTEM OF FARMING Examples for Clarity Agriculture Example (Broad): In Gujarat, agriculture […] - [Dryland Farming Techniques](https://agriculturewale.com/dryland-farming-techniques/): Dryland Farming Techniques Introduction Dryland farming refers to cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions with annual rainfall below 750 mm. Relies on rainfall and soil moisture conservation rather than irrigation. India has nearly 65% of its cultivated area under dryland farming, making it crucial for food security, rural livelihoods, and climate resilience. Dryland farming is distinct from rainfed farming (moderate rainfall areas) and dry farming (extremely arid zones). Suitable Crops Millets: Bajra, Ragi, Jowar. Pulses: Pigeon pea, Chickpea, Green gram. Oilseeds: Groundnut, Mustard, Sunflower. Other crops: Sorghum, Cotton (in semi-arid zones). Key Features High risk & low productivity due to erratic […] - [ICAR JRF SYLLABUS](https://agriculturewale.com/icar-jrf-syllabus/): ICAR JRF SYLLABUS Code 01: MAJOR SUBJECT GROUP – PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (Sub-Subjects: 1.1: Plant Biochemistry/ Bio. Chem. 1.2: Plant Biotechnology & Molecular Biology/Biotechnology, 1.3: Plant /Crop Physiology) UNIT-I: Importance of agriculture in national economy; basic principles of crop production; cultivation of rice, wheat, chickpea, pigeon-pea, sugarcane, groundnut, tomato, and mango. Major soils of India; role of NPK and their deficiency symptoms. General structure and function of cell organelles; mitosis and meiosis; Mendelian genetics. Elementary knowledge of growth, development, photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration; Elements of economic botany. General structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes and vitamins. Major pests and […] - [PM-Kisan Installment update 2026](https://agriculturewale.com/pm-kisan-installment-update-2026/): PM-Kisan Installment update 2026 The 22nd installment of the PM-Kisan scheme will be released on 13 March 2026, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi transferring ₹2,000 directly to farmers’ bank accounts via DBT. Farmers must ensure their e-KYC and land records are updated to avoid being excluded. PM-Kisan Scheme Overview Launch: 2019 Objective: Provide income support to farmers Annual Benefit: ₹6,000 (in 3 installments of ₹2,000 each) Mode: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Eligibility: Small & marginal farmers with cultivable land records हिंदी में संक्षेप: शुरुआत: 2019 उद्देश्य: किसानों को आय सहायता वार्षिक लाभ: ₹6,000 (3 किस्तों में ₹2,000) भुगतान तरीका: DBT पात्रता: […] - [EQUITY LINKED SAVING SCHEME (ELSS)](https://agriculturewale.com/equity-linked-saving-scheme-elss/): EQUITY LINKED SAVING SCHEME (ELSS) As the name suggests, ELSS invests majority of investments into equity and equity related assets and hence it is classified as “Equity” mutual fund. It is an open-ended equity mutual fund with income tax benefits under section 80C of the Income Tax Act. ELSS is considered under “High Risk, High Returns” category of investments. Like other mutual funds, ELSS also offer SIP option. How does ELSS work? Invest the lump sum amount by choosing an ELSS fund from one of the mutual fund companies. After 3-years of locking period, you can either withdraw the entire accumulated […] - [Retail Banking: Approaches & Implementation Models](https://agriculturewale.com/retail-banking-approaches-implementation-models/): Retail Banking: Approaches & Implementation Models Introduction Retail banking, also known as consumer banking or personal banking refers to the services offered by a bank to the large group of individual customers, rather than to companies, corporations or other banks, which are known as wholesale banking (corporate banking). Banking services which are regarded as retail include provision of savings and transactional accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit cards, and credit cards. Retail banking is also distinguished from investment banking or commercial banking. It may also refer to a division or department of a bank which deals with individual customers. Delivery model in retail banking is both physical (through branch) and remote channels […] - [Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs](https://agriculturewale.com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs/): Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s hierarchy of needs motivates human behaviour which was proposed by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow in his paper “A Theory of Human Motivation” in the journal Psychological Review in 1943. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory or say conceptualisation of the needs (or goals) that states human needs. It is arranged in a five-tier hierarchy, with basic needs at the bottom and higher-level needs at the top. The levels are: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem needs, and self-actualization. According to Maslow, Individuals are motivated to fulfil lower-level needs before pursuing higher ones, with […] - [Indian Monsoon: At a Glance](https://agriculturewale.com/indian-monsoon/): Indian Monsoon: At a Glance Introduction The monsoon is more than just a season of rain for India as this unique climate system is a lifeline for the people of the country. Monsoon rains are critical for the agricultural sector with productivity and food grain prices closely linked to a good monsoon. They are crucial for replenishing the country’s water reserves, and for generation of hydro- electricity. The seasonal reversal of winds are what we call monsoon. A good monsoon has always meant general prosperity and well-being and bad monsoon has meant distress.  What is Monsoon? The word monsoon is derived from the […] - [Return on Assets and Return on Equity](https://agriculturewale.com/return-on-assets-and-return-on-equity/): Return on Assets and Return on Equity Return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are two key measures to determine how efficient a company is at generating profits. ROA evaluates how effectively a company uses its assets to generate profit, whereas Return on Equity (ROE) shows much of a company’s profit is returned to shareholders by comparing net income to shareholders’ equity. ROE focuses on the return generated on the shareholders’ equity while ROA focuses on the return generated on the total assets of the company, including debt. So, the primary differentiator between ROE and ROA is financial leverage or debt. […] - [Reverse Mortgage Loan (RML)](https://agriculturewale.com/reverse-mortgage-loan-rml/): Reverse Mortgage Loan (RML) Reverse Mortgage Loan (RML) is a financial product that enables senior citizens (age of 60 +) who own a house to mortgage their property with a lender and avail periodical payments against the mortgage of his/her house while remaining the owner and occupying the house. Salient Features Eligible borrowers- RML enables a Senior Citizen i.e. above the age of 60 years to avail of periodical payments from a lender against the mortgage of his/her house while remaining the owner and occupying the house. Repayment- Senior Citizen borrower is not required to service the loan during his/her lifetime […] - [World Bank Group: Role & Function](https://agriculturewale.com/world-bank-group-role-function/): World Bank Group: Role & Function The World Bank is an international financial institution and is the largest development bank in the world that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purposes of economic development. It was established along with the International Monetary Fund at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. Its first loan was to France in 1947. It’s headquarter is in Washington, D.C. Current president of world bank is Ajay Banga. In its early years, it primarily focused on rebuilding Europe. Over time, it focused on providing loans to developing world countries. In the 1970s, the World Bank re-conceptualized its mission of facilitating development as being oriented around poverty reduction. […] - [International Monetary Fund (IMF)- Role & Functions](https://agriculturewale.com/international-monetary-fund-imf-role-functions/): International Monetary Fund (IMF)- Role & Functions The IMF is a global organization that works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 191 member countries. It does so by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being. India became member of IMF on December 27, 1945. India is the 6th largest quota holding member of IMF and currently holds 2.76% SDR, also holds 2.63% voting share. According to IMF, India is the world’s fastest growing major economy in 2022.   The IMF was established in 1944 in […] - [Bonds & Debentures: Meaning, Types & Differences](https://agriculturewale.com/bonds-debentures-meaning-types-differences/): Bonds & Debentures: Meaning, Types & Differences Raising funds is the basic requirement of every organization or companies. Funds can be raised by issuing debt or equity instruments and for that, two major sources of raising external finance are used by the companies. These are called Bonds and Debentures. Bonds are generally issued by government agencies and large corporations while, companies issue debentures to raise money from the market. The major difference between these two debt instruments is bonds are more secure as compared to debentures. Let’s see in detail. What are Bonds A bond is debt instruments issued by a government or […] - [Medicinal Plants and Their Usage](https://agriculturewale.com/medicinal-plants-and-their-usage/): Medicinal Plants and Their Usage Introduction Plants are employed in different medicinal systems and ethnic medicines. Medicinal plants (also called Medicinal herbs), have been used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times.  Naturally plants synthesize hundreds of chemical compounds for various functions, including defense and protection against insects, fungi, diseases, against parasites and herbivorous mammals. Angiosperms (flowering plants) were the original source of most plant medicines. History India has rich tradition of herbal medicines and it has outstanding contributions not only in form of Ayurveda & Siddha but also in the discovery of modern drugs and pharmacological research. From ancient times to the present, Ayurvedic medicine as documented in the Atharva Veda, the Rig Veda and […] - [What is Digital Banking?](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-digital-banking/): What is Digital Banking? In simple words, Digital banking refers to the use of online and mobile banking to access various banking and financial activities. There are lot of digital channels such as, mobile apps, internet banking that allows customers to access and manage their banking services like bank accounts, make payments, transfer funds, apply for loans and many more. Digital banking involves high levels of process automation and web-based services and may include APIs enabling cross-institutional service composition to deliver banking products and provide transactions. It provides the ability for users to access financial data through desktop, mobile and ATM services. A digital bank […] - [Artificial Intelligence- Application and Research](https://agriculturewale.com/artificial-intelligence-application-and-research/): Artificial Intelligence- Application and Research What is intelligence? The word intelligence is derived from the Latin “intelligentia” or “intellēctus”, meaning to comprehend or perceive. Intelligence cane be defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. In other words, Intelligence is the ability to perceive or infer information; and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context. Simply Intelligence in computers or other machines is called artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI), broadly refers to the intelligence exhibited by computer systems or computer-controlled robot/machines.  AI is the ability of a digital computer to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent […] - [Acid Present in Fruits & Vegetables](https://agriculturewale.com/acid-present-in-fruits-vegetables/): Acid Present in Fruits & Vegetables There are different types of acids present in fruits and vegetables. These acids play a crucial role in the plant’s biological processes and also contribute to the explosion of flavours we enjoy during consumption. Let’s see acid present in fruits and vegetables their impact on taste and plant health, and relation to pH value. Natural Acid present in Fruits Natural Acids Present in Vegetables List of Food source and Acids present therein Acetic Acids: Vinegar Ascorbic Acid: Aonla, Gooseberry, Guava Citric Acids: Citrus fruits- lemon, Orange, Grapefruit Oxalic Acid: Pepper, Spinach, Tomato Tartaric Acid: Tamarind, Grapes, […] - [Soil conditioner- Classification, Usage & Effects on Plants](https://agriculturewale.com/soil-conditioner-classification-usage-effects-on-plants/): Soil conditioner- Classification, Usage & Effects on Plants What is Soil conditioner? Soil conditioner generally refers to any material or chemical added to a soil solely or in combination to improve plant growth and health typically by improving the soil structure and/or nutrient concentrations. A soil conditioner is a product which is applied to soil in order to improve the soil’s physical qualities, usually its fertility and also its behaviours. Soil conditioner can make poor soils more usable, and can be used to maintain soils in peak condition, hence it can be used to improve poor soils, or to rebuild soils which have been damaged by improper soil management. […] - [Anti-Money Laundering: What & Why](https://agriculturewale.com/anti-money-laundering-what-why/): Anti-Money Laundering: What & Why Introduction Anti-money laundering (AML) refers to the activities that are performed by financial institutions to achieve compliance with legal requirements and to actively monitor for and report suspicious activities. AML includes a set of policies and practices to ensure that financial institutions and other regulated entities prevent, detect, and report financial crime and especially money laundering activities. Money laundering is a type of financial crime which involves taking criminally obtained proceeds (dirty money) and masking their origins so they’ll appear to be from a legitimate source. Anti-Money Laundering is often associated with the action against terrorism financing, or Combating the Financing of Terrorism, using […] - [Corporate Fee-Based Services](https://agriculturewale.com/corporate-fee-based-services/): Corporate Fee-Based Services A corporate fee-based services are all those financial services that various financial institutions, bank offer to corporate customers on payment of a fee. These various fee-based services are: Cash Management Services: Cash management is the effective management of cash in order to minimize transaction costs, exercise greater control and maximize returns. Collection: Collection and disbursement of cheques for the clients form an important part of the cash management services. Clients continuously receive payments from their distributers and customers in the form of cheques and demand drafts. Payment: Payment services include payments to clients’ vendors and suppliers, dividends to […] - [Banker Customer Relationship](https://agriculturewale.com/banker-customer-relationship/): Banker Customer Relationship The relationship between the banker and customer is of two types: (i) general Relationship and, (ii) Special Relationship General Relationship Debtor and Creditor: The basic relationship between banker and customer is primarily that of a debtor and creditor. When customer deposits money in a bank, Bank becomes the debtor and customer is the creditor. The position is reversed when the banker advances loan to the customer, Banker becomes creditor and Customer a debtor. Special Relationship There is various special relationship between the banker and customer, these are: Principal and Agent: Customer deposits cheques, drafts, dividends warrants for collection […] - [Budget 2024-25: Key Features](https://agriculturewale.com/budget-2024-25-key-features/): Budget 2024-25: Key Features Focus on 4 major castes, namely ‘Garib’ (Poor), ‘Mahilayen’ (Women), ‘Yuva’ (Youth) and ‘Annadata’ (Farmer). Budget Theme: Particularly focus on Employment, Skilling, MSMEs, and The middle class- initiatives to facilitate employment, skilling and other opportunities for 4.1 crore youth over a 5-year period with a central outlay of 2 lakh crore. provision of 1.48 lakh crore for education, employment and skilling. Budget Priorities 1) Productivity and resilience in Agriculture 2) Employment & Skilling 3) Inclusive Human Resource Development and Social Justice 4) Manufacturing & Services 5) Urban Development 6) Energy Security 7) Infrastructure 8) Innovation, Research & […] - [What is an Interim Budget?](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-an-interim-budget/): What is an Interim Budget? An Interim Budget is presented by a government that is going through a transition period or is in its last year in office ahead of general elections. Interim Budget, therefore, covers a specific period, usually a few months until a new government is formed and a full budget is presented. Interim budget ensures the continuity of government expenditure and essential services until a full budget is presented by the new government. What is Vote on Account? To meet essential government expenditures for a limited period (generally granted for two months for an amount equivalent to one-sixth […] - [What is Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)?](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-systematic-investment-plan-sip/): What is Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)? Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) is an investment route offered by Mutual Funds wherein one can invest a fixed amount in a Mutual Fund scheme at regular intervals instead of making a lump-sum investment. Regular intervals may be once a month or once a quarter as you wish to plan. The installment amount could be as little as Rs.500/- a month and is similar to a recurring deposit. You can give your bank standing instructions to debit a fixed amount every month. Due to its way of easy and secure investment in a disciplined manner without worrying about market volatility and […] - [Full List of Ministers with Portfolios in Modi 3.0 Government](https://agriculturewale.com/full-list-of-ministers-with-portfolios-in-modi-3-0-government/): Full List of Ministers with Portfolios in Modi 3.0 Government The National Democratic Alliance (NDA), led by Narendra Modi’s Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP), has assumed power at the federal level of government in India after winning a third straight term in the 18th Lok Sabha elections. On June 10, PM Modi assigned portfolios to his 71 Council of Ministers. With a few exceptions, notable major BJP leaders will retain their previous roles under the Modi 3.0 administration. Senior BJP party leaders Amit Shah, Rajnath Singh, Nirmala Sitharaman, and S. Jaishankar will continue to lead the four key ministries of Home, Défense, Finance, and […] - [What is CGTMSE?](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-cgtmse/): What is CGTMSE? CGTMSE refers- Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises. The logo of CGTMSE is “colourful flying bird” which depicts giving wings to entrepreneurial zeal of millions of youths who are having bankable business ideas but lack collateral security and/or third-party guarantee to access credit from formal source. CGTMSE provides guarantee to enable them access credit leading to setting up viable micro and small enterprises. Thereby transforming them from job seekers to job providers. Objectives of CGTMSE Availability of bank credit without the hassles of collaterals/third party guarantees is a major source of support to the first-generation […] - [Micro Small & Medium Enterprises](https://agriculturewale.com/micro-small-medium-enterprises/): Micro Small & Medium Enterprises Introduction Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has emerged as a highly vibrant and dynamic sector of the Indian economy over the last few decades. MSMEs not only play crucial role in providing large employment opportunities at comparatively lower capital cost than large industries but also help in industrialization of rural & backward areas, thereby, reducing regional imbalances, assuring more equitable distribution of national income and wealth. MSMEs are complementary to large industries as ancillary units and this sector contributes enormously to the socio-economic development of the country. Classification Composite Criteria adopted for classification are […] - [Investment Banking and Investment Management](https://agriculturewale.com/investment-banking-and-investment-managementinvestment-banking-and-investment-management/): Investment Banking and Investment Management Introduction Before knowing the investment banking and investment management, let’s understand the meaning of investment and investing. Investment is the act of allocating resources, usually money, with the expectation of generating an income or profit. Investing is the process of buying assets that is expected to increase in value over time and provide returns in the form of income payments or capital gains. Investing, on the other hand can also be about spending time or money to improve own life or the lives of others. From the financial point of view, investing is the purchase of securities, […] - [Money Laundering- Steps and Methods](https://agriculturewale.com/money-laundering-steps-and-methods/): Money Laundering- Steps and Methods What is Money Laundering? Criminals are generally motivated by profit, as greed drives the criminal and the end result is introduction of illegally-gained money into the nation’s legitimate financial systems. Money laundering involves disguising financial assets so they can be used without detection of the illegal activity that produced them. Through money laundering, the criminal transforms the monetary proceeds derived  from criminal or illicit activities such as drug trafficking, corruption, gambling, into a legitimate source. Money laundering provides the fuel for drug dealers, terrorists, arms dealers, and other criminals to operate and expand their criminal enterprises. As […] - [One Liner Banking & Financial Current Affairs](https://agriculturewale.com/one-liner-banking-financial-current-affairs/): One Liner Banking & Financial Current Affairs Q1. What is the financial outlay of the project for the digital transformation nationwide of 18,000 PACS? Answer: Rs 2,500 crore. Q2. Which organization is supporting the ‘World’s Largest Grain Storage Plan in Cooperative Sector’? Answer: NABARD Q3. Which organization recently received final approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to operate as a payment aggregator? Answer: Amazon Pay. Q4. Current weightage of India in the MSCI Global Standard (Emerging Markets) index as of February 29, 2024? Answer: 18.2% Q5. What directive has been issued by RBI regarding automation in data generation for […] - [NPCI and its Various Products](https://agriculturewale.com/npci-and-its-various-products/): NPCI and its Various Products Introduction National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is an umbrella organisation for operating retail payments and settlement systems in India. It is an initiative of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) under the provisions of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007, for creating a robust Payment & Settlement Infrastructure in India. NPCI has been incorporated as a “Not for Profit” Company under the provisions of Section 25 of Companies Act 1956 (now Section 8 of Companies Act 2013), with an intention to provide infrastructure to the entire Banking system in India […] - [What is UPI? Benefits of UPI](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-upi-benefits-of-upi/): What is UPI? Benefits of UPI UPI stands for “Unified Payments Interface” is a system that powers multiple bank accounts into a single mobile application (of any participating bank), merging several banking features, seamless fund routing & merchant payments into one hood. It also caters to the “Peer to Peer” collect request which can be scheduled and paid as per requirement and convenience. NPCI conducted a pilot launch with 21 member banks on 11th April 2016 by Dr. Raghuram G Rajan, Governor, RBI at Mumbai. Banks have started to upload their UPI enabled Apps on Google Play store from 25th August, […] - [Accounting Standards](https://agriculturewale.com/accounting-standards/): Accounting Standards Introduction Accounting Standards are written policy documents consists of common set of principles, standards, and procedures that define the basis of financial accounting policies and practices. It covers the aspects of recognition, measurement, treatment, presentation, and disclosure of accounting transactions in financial statements. List of Accounting Standards Classification of Enterprise The enterprises are classified and labeled as Level I, Level II and Level III companies. Based on the classification and the category in which they fall, the accounting standards are applicable to the enterprises. Level I Enterprise Enterprises which fall under any one or more following categories are termed […] - [Self-incompatibility & Male sterility](https://agriculturewale.com/self-incompatibility-male-sterility/): Self-incompatibility & Male sterility Introduction Self-incompatibility is one of the mechanisms promoting cross-pollination. It is defined as the failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower or other flowers on the same plant. Here male gamete is fully functional. In other words, Self-incompatibility (SI) is the inability to produce zygotes after self-pollination in a fertile hermaphrodite plant, which has stamens and pistils in the same flower. This structural organization of the hermaphrodite flower increases the risk of self-pollination, leading to low genetic diversity. The SI trait can be observed in Brassica crops, including cabbage, broccoli, turnip and radish. The precise […] - [What is GDP?](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-gdp/): What is GDP? GDP stands for gross domestic product. GDP is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. It is measured using three methods (Expenditure, Income, and Product/Value Added). It has become widely used as a reference point for the health of national and global economies. When GDP is growing, especially if inflation is not a problem, workers and businesses are generally better off than when it is not. GDP is important because it gives information about the size of the economy and how an economy is performing. What GDP measure? […] - [Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF)](https://agriculturewale.com/animal-husbandry-infrastructure-development-fund-ahidf/): Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF) Background Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF) is a central sector scheme under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan stimulus package of Rs.15000 crore. The AHIDF has been approved for incentivizing investments by individual entrepreneurs, private companies, MSME, Farmers Producers Organizations (FPOs) and Section 8 companies to establish: Dairy processing and value addition infrastructure, Meat processing and value addition infrastructure, Animal Feed Plant, Breed Improvement Technology and Breed Multiplication Farm, Animal Waste to Wealth Management (Agri Waste Management) Setting up of Veterinary Vaccine and Drugs Manufacturing facilities. Objectives of AHIDF To increase milk and meat processing capacity and […] - [Horticulture- An Introduction](https://agriculturewale.com/horticulture-an-introduction/): Horticulture- An Introduction Introduction Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of vegetable garden plant growing (fruits, nuts, vegetables, herbs, seeds, and flowers). In short, it deals with garden crops, generally fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.  Horticulture is derived from Latin words hortus, which means “garden” and cultura which means “to cultivate”. Thomas Andrew Knight is known as father of Horticulture. Horticulture includes the cultivation of all plants including ornamental trees/shrubs/plants, fruits, vegetables, flowers, turf, nuts, seeds, herbs and other medicinal/edible plants. Therefore, Horticulture is divided into: Pomology: It deals with fruit and nut crops. Olericulture: It deals with herbaceous […] - [Self, Cross and Often Cross Pollinated Crops](https://agriculturewale.com/self-cross-and-often-cross-pollinated-crops/): Self, Cross and Often Cross Pollinated Crops Sel-pollinated crops: When pollen from one flower pollinates the same flower or other flowers of the same plant, known as self-pollination. There are two types of self-pollination in flowering plants, defined here. Autogamy– Here pollen is transferred from anther to the stigma (female part) of the same flower. Geitonogamy– when pollen is transferred from anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant. Cross pollination: When pollen is transferred from the stamen of a flower to the stigma of a flower on another plant, called cross-pollination. It is also known as allogamy. The […] - [Entomology One Liner](https://agriculturewale.com/entomology-one-liner/): Entomology One Liner 1. “An Insect or any other living organism whose population increases to such an extent to cause economic losses to crops or a nuisance and health hazard to man and his livestock” is called Pest. 2. Entomology is derived from Greek words: Entomo meaning ‘Insect’ and Logos meaning ‘Discourse’. 3. Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek word ‘Anthros’ meaning ‘segmented’ and ‘podus’ meaning ‘leg’) is the largest group. 4. Insects are 97% of total population of Arthropoda. 5. Economic Threshold Level (ETL) is the pest density at which control measures should be applied or which needs control measure. 6. Economic […] - [Vertical Farming- Meaning & Advantages](https://agriculturewale.com/vertical-farming-meaning-advantages/): Vertical Farming- Meaning & Advantages What is Vertical farming? Vertical farming is farming on vertical surface or say it is the practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers. It means it is different from traditional, horizontal agriculture with respect of growing practices. In fact, vertical farming is much more than just stacking plants. It often incorporates controlled-environment agriculture, which aims to optimize plant growth, and soilless farming techniques such as hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics. It means, this practice requires artificial temperature, light, water, and humidity control. Some common choices of structures to practice vertical farming systems include buildings, shipping containers, tunnels, and abandoned […] - [Krishi Road Map of Bihar](https://agriculturewale.com/krishi-road-map-of-bihar/): Krishi Road Map of Bihar Agriculture in Bihar provides livlihood for most of the population as 76% of its population is engaged in agricultural pursuits. The first Agriculture Road Map was launched in 2008, followed by another in 2012 and a third in 2017. Bihar has gained production in Wheat, Maize and Rice after implementation of Agriculture Road Map in 2008. Besides, the production of fruits, vegetables, milk, egg and fish are significantly increased during 2nd roadmap. Overall increase in production has been seen in agriculture, even 2.5 times increase in fish production. The state was awarded the Krishi KarmanAward for rice production […] - [One Liner Extension Education](https://agriculturewale.com/one-liner-extension-education/): One Liner Extension Education 1. The word Extension used first and Extension activity was started first time in USA. 2. In India, the study of extension as a course study first started at Sabour, Bihar in 1955. 3. J. P. Leagans of USA is known as the “Father of Extension” whereas, Dr. K.N. Singh is known as “Father of Extension” in the Indian context. 4. The word Extension is derived from Latin word ‘ex’ meaning ‘out’ and ‘tensio’ meaning ‘stretching’. 5. Principle of extension education is “learning by doing.” 6. The word “learning by doing” was coined by John Dewey in […] - [MCQ AGRONOMY PART 4](https://agriculturewale.com/mcq-agronomy-part-4/): MCQ AGRONOMY PART 4 1. Minimum support price (MSP) system was evolved in 1966-67 and was first evolved for which of the following crops? a) Rice b) Wheat c) Maize d) Cotton e) Both c & d Ans: b) 2. Pricing policy of Sugarcane is? a) FRP b) FTR c) FCR d) None of these Ans: a) 3. Total crops under MSP? a) 20 b) 21 c) 22 d) 23 e) None of these Ans: d) 4. Food Corporation of India (FCI) was set up in the year? a) 1960 b) 1965 c) 1964 d) 1962 e) None of these Ans: […] - [ICAR Institutions](https://agriculturewale.com/icar-institutions/): ICAR Institutions Here are the list of all Institutions, Deemed Universities, National Research Centres, National Bureaux, Directorate/Project Directorates & Agricultural Technology Application Research Institutes of ICAR. Deemed Universities – 4 1. ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 2. ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 3. ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 4. ICAR-Central Institute on Fisheries Education, Mumbai Institutions – 65 1. ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute , Port Blair 2. ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 3. ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar 4. ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 5. ICAR-Central Institute Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 6. ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, […] - [Cropping Systems- Meaning Types & Advantages](https://agriculturewale.com/cropping-systems-meaning-types-advantages/): Cropping Systems- Meaning Types & Advantages Cropping System-Meaning Cropping pattern and its management to derive benefits from a given resource base under specific environmental condition is called cropping system. Cropping systems refers to order in which the crops are grown or cultivated on a piece of land over fixed period. It is location specific, so it changes when place and environment are changed. The objective of any cropping system is efficient utilization of all resources viz. land, water, solar energy etc. and to maintain stability in production and get higher returns. Management practices along with planting geometry and genetic makeup of seed are […] - [GI Tag List of Bihar](https://agriculturewale.com/gi-tag-list-of-bihar/): GI Tag List of Bihar What is GI Tag? A geographical indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess certain qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin. In order to function as a GI, a sign must identify a product as originating in a given place. The qualities, characteristics or reputation of the product should be essentially due to the place of origin. Article 22.1 of the TRIPS Agreement (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) defines geographical indications as “…indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member [of […] - [Agronomy MCQ Part 3](https://agriculturewale.com/agronomy-mcq-part-3/): Agronomy MCQ Part 3 1. Normal row to row spacing of wheat is….. A. 20-22.5 cm B. 30-32 cm C. 15-18 cm D. 25-30 cm Ans: A. 2. Norin dwarf wheat was discovered in Japan by………. A. N.E. Borlaug B. S.C. Salmon C. Arthur Young D. None of these Ans: B. 3. Nursery area required to plant one hectare of Rice is……….. A. 1500 m2 B. 800 m2 C. 1200 m2 D. 100 m2 Ans: B. 4. First rice hybrid was developed in the world in china in the year………… A. 1860 B. 1974 C. 1980 D. 1764 Ans: B. (Developed […] - [Heat Transfer- Conduction Convection & Radiation](https://agriculturewale.com/heat-transfer-conduction-convection-radiation/): Heat Transfer- Conduction Convection & Radiation What is Heat Transfer? Heat flow between or within substances occurs through mechanism of conduction, convection and radiation. Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy, i.e. heat between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation. Though, these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, yet they often occur simultaneously in the same system. Mechanism of Heat Transfer The fundamental modes of heat transfer are: Conduction Also called Diffusion is the transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact. Heat transfers by […] - [Agriculture Current Affairs: October- December 2023](https://agriculturewale.com/agriculture-current-affairs-october-december-2023/): Agriculture Current Affairs: October- December 2023 President of India to Inaugurate International Research Conference on ‘From research to impact: Towards Just and Resilient Agri-Food Systems’ October 9, 2023 Conference is significant in wake of recent G20 Summit that unequivocally endorsed women-led development. The conference is hosted by the CGIAR GENDER Impact Platform and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The two institutions are joining forces to leverage national and international research to ensure that women take up their rightful leadership roles and spearhead the transformation of agriculture and food systems everywhere. Himanshu Pathak, Director General of ‘ICAR’ said “This includes recognizing and […] - [Animal Husbandary & Dairying One Liner](https://agriculturewale.com/animal-husbandary-dairying-one-liner/): Animal Husbandary & Dairying One Liner 1. In animal breeding, a group of interbreeding individuals, i.e., a breed or strain within a breed different in some aspects from other breeds or strains is called Population. 2. Continuous selective breeding leads to homozygosity in a population resulting a loss of variability. 3. Purebred Breeding refers to the Mating animals of the same breed for maintaining such breed. It aims to establish and maintain stable traits that animals will pass to the next generation. Read more.SYSTEMS OF BREEDING- DIFFERENT METHODS 4. Breed is a specific group of animals that is selectively bred for […] - [Agriculture Current Affairs: May- September 2023](https://agriculturewale.com/agriculture-current-affairs-may-september-2023/): Agriculture Current Affairs: May- September 2023 National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF), May 2023 NMNF has been formulated by upscaling the Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP) to promote natural farming across the country. It aims to cover a 7.5 lakh hectare area by developing 15,000 clusters. Each cluster comprises 50-hectare land. The farmers interested to implement natural farming on their land will be registered as cluster members, each cluster shall comprise 50 farmers or more with 50-hectare land. A cluster can be from one village or may spread across 2-3 nearby villages under the same gram panchayat. NMNF shall provide financial […] - [Biodynamic Agriculture- Methods & Impact](https://agriculturewale.com/biodynamic-agriculture/): Biodynamic Agriculture- Methods & Impact Introduction Biodynamic agriculture is considered as first modern organic agriculture developed in 1924 by Rudolf Steiner. It treats soil fertility, plant growth, and livestock management as ecologically interrelated tasks. It emphasizes spiritual and mystical perspectives and lacks scientific evidences hence also known as pseudoscience. Bios=life dynamic=energy Biodynamics practices are mostly as organic approaches, it emphasizes the use of manures and composts and excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides in agricultural operations. Biodynamic approaches include its treatment of animals, crops, and soil as a single system and the farm is considered an autonomous and living organism that interacts with the environment to build […] - [What is Colostrum- Composition and Benefits](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-colostrum/): What is Colostrum- Composition and Benefits Colostrum is a breast fluid produced by humans, cows, and other mammals before breast milk is released. It is the first form of milk (called as “first milk”) produced by the mammary glands of humans and other mammals immediately following delivery of the newborn. It may be called beestings when referring to the first milk of a cow or similar animal. It’s very nutritious and contains high levels of antibodies, which are proteins that fight infections and bacteria, and immune and growth factors and other bioactive that help to activate a newborn’s immune system. The bioactives found in colostrum are essential […] - [Tenant Farmer Share Cropper & Oral Lessee](https://agriculturewale.com/tenant-farmer-share-cropper-oral-lessee/): Tenant Farmer, Share Cropper & Oral Lessee Tenant farmer Tenant farmer is a person who farms land owned by another and pays rent in cash or in a share of the crops or combination of both. Tenant farming is an agricultural system in which landowners contribute their land, operating capital and management while tenants contribute their labour with various amounts of capital and management. Depending on the contract, returns to the owner may be in the form of a share in the product, or in cash, or in a combination of both. Sharecropping It is a form of tenant farming in which the landowner furnished all the capital and most […] - [Agricultural Revolution in India](https://agriculturewale.com/agricultural-revolution-in-india/): Agricultural Revolution in India Revolution means a complete change in methods, opinions, etc., often as a result of progress. Agriculture, being the primary keystone of human existence, has played an important role in global economic development. The agricultural revolution is the name given to a number of cultural transformations that initially allowed humans to change from a hunting and gathering subsistence to one of agriculture and animal domestications. Advances in biosciences took a great part in revolutionary changes. There are several agricultural revolutions took place in India as a result of discoveries, inventions, or the implementation of new technologies and changed […] - [Plant Root System](https://agriculturewale.com/plant-root-system/): Plant Root System Root, Function & Morphology In vascular plants, the root organ are most often below the soil surface (can also be aerial) having functions are absorption of water, plant nutrition and anchoring of the plant body to the ground. The first root in seed producing plants is the radicle, which expands from the plant embryo after seed germination. Roots are generally Positively geotropic while negatively phototropic. The architecture of roots ensures supply of nutrients and water as well as anchorage and support. The morphology of root is divided into four parts: Root cap- It helps the root penetrate the soil. Apical meristem- The […] - [PM Vishwakarma Yojana](https://agriculturewale.com/pm-vishwakarma-yojana/): PM Vishwakarma Yojana Introduction PM Vishwakarma is a Central Sector Scheme launched on 17th September, 2023 by the Prime Minister of India to provide end-to-end support to artisans and craftspeople who work with their hands and tools. The Scheme covers artisans and craftspeople engaged in 18 trades, viz. Carpenter (Suthar/Badhai), Boat Maker, Armourer, Blacksmith (Lohar), Hammer and Tool Kit Maker, Locksmith, Goldsmith (Sonar), Potter (Kumhaar), Sculptor (Moortikar, stone carver), Stone breaker, Cobbler (Charmkar)/ Shoesmith/Footwear artisan, Mason (Rajmistri), Basket/Mat/Broom Maker/Coir Weaver, Doll & Toy Maker (Traditional), Barber (Naai), Garland maker (Malakaar), Washerman (Dhobi), Tailor (Darzi) and Fishing Net Maker. The government under […] - [Difference between Intercropping and Mixed cropping](https://agriculturewale.com/difference-between-intercropping-and-mixed-cropping/): Difference between Intercropping and Mixed cropping Intercropping is a process of growing subsidiary crops between two widely spaced rows of main crop. The main object of this type of cropping is to utilize the space left between two rows of main crop and to produce more grain per unit area. Mixed cropping refers to growing two or more crops together on the same piece of land simultaneously. The cereals are usually mixed with legumes, for example, wheat is mixed with peas, gram, or mustard. Advantages of Mixed Cropping It minimizes the spread of pests and diseases, while also increasing productivity and providing food […] - [Synergistic Cropping](https://agriculturewale.com/synergistic-cropping/): Synergistic Cropping  When two crops are grown together, the yields of both crops are found to be higher than the yields of their pure crops on unit area basis known as Synergistic cropping. It is a type of inter cropping and uses principles of the same. Permaculture has a significant influence on Synergistic Cropping. Example: Sugarcane and potato What are Synergistic Effects? Synergistic effects are the combined effects of at least two substances making an impact that is more significant than both could have shown by themselves. Etymology: from Greek “synergos”, meaning “working together” Mulching is an important practice in Synergistic cropping […] - [NaBFID- Mission Vision & Significance](https://agriculturewale.com/nabfid-mission-vision-significance/): NaBFID- Mission Vision & Significance Background & History To address the long-term infrastructure financing requirements in India was realized considering the nation’s GDP growth objectives and the role of infrastructure development towards the same. Infrastructure development is a critical driver of economic growth and development, and a reliable source of funding is essential to support the timely and efficient deployment of large-scale infrastructure projects. Consequently, in response to this need, the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development Act, 2021 was introduced by the finance minister on March 22, 2021. This was the return of Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) in the […] - [Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS)](https://agriculturewale.com/modified-interest-subvention-scheme-miss/): Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS) The Modified Interest Subvention (MIS) is available for banks under certain eligible sub-limits of kisan Credit Card (KCC) upto an overall limit of Rs.3.00 lakhs. Who are the Beneficiaries? Farmers, individuals/ Joint borrowers who are owner cultivator; Tenant farmers, oral lessees & share croppers; Self Help Groups (SHGs) or Joint Liability Group (JLG) of farmers including share croppers etc. Is Aadhar linkage mandatory? It is mandatory to link all KCC accounts with Aadhar for availing benefits under MISS except the exclusion criteria for the applicable States as notified by GoI from time to time. Farmers engaged […] - [PM SVANidhi- Objectives & Benefits](https://agriculturewale.com/pm-svanidhi-objectives-benefits/): PM SVANidhi- Objectives & Benefits Background Street vendors, also named as vendors, hawkers, thelewala, rehriwala, theliphadwala etc. in different areas/contexts represent a very important constituent of the urban informal economy and play a significant role in ensuring availability of the goods and services at the door-step of the city dwellers. They supply goods such as, vegetables, fruits, ready-to-eat street food, tea, pakodas, breads, eggs, textile, apparel, footwear, artisan products, books/ stationary etc. The services include barber shops, cobblers, pan shops, laundry services etc. The COVID-19 pandemic and consequent lock-downs have adversely impacted the livelihoods of these street vendors. Since their capital […] - [Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme](https://agriculturewale.com/sovereign-gold-bond-scheme/): Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme What is Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB)? SGBs are government securities denominated in grams of gold. They are substitutes for holding physical gold. Investors have to pay the issue price in cash and the bonds will be redeemed in cash on maturity. The Bond is issued by Reserve Bank on behalf of Government of India. An investor can have only one unique investor Id linked to any of the prescribed identification documents. The unique investor ID is to be used for all the subsequent investments in the scheme. For holding securities in dematerialized form, quoting of PAN in […] - [Herbicide- Classification, Formulations & Application](https://agriculturewale.com/herbicide-classification-formulations-application/): Herbicide- Classification, Formulations & Application What is Herbicide? Herbicides are chemicals used to manipulate or control undesirable vegetation. They are applied before or during planting to maximize crop productivity by minimizing other undesirable vegetation. Classification Of Herbicides Herbicides can be classified based on application method, mode of action, mobility, and time of application. Based on Method of application Soil applied herbicides: These herbicide act through root and other underground parts of weeds. E.g., Fluchloralin. Foliage applied herbicides: Such herbicides primarily act on the plant foliage E.g., Glyphosate, Paraquat. 2. Based on Mode of action Selective herbicide: A herbicide is said to be […] - [Greenhouse Effect](https://agriculturewale.com/greenhouse-effect/): Greenhouse Effect This effect occurs when gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap the Sun’s heat, makes Earth much warmer than it would be without an atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is one of the things that keep life on the earth or make earth livable. What is Greenhouse? A greenhouse is a building with glass walls and a glass roof which are used to grow plants, such as tomatoes and tropical flowers. In the daytime, sunlight enters the greenhouse and warms the plants and air inside. At nighttime, it’s colder outside, but the greenhouse stays pretty warm inside. That’s because the glass walls […] - [Sericulture- An overview](https://agriculturewale.com/sericulture-an-overview/): Sericulture- An overview Sericulture or silk production refers to the production of raw silk by raising caterpillars (larvae), particularly those of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori). Silk production includes breeding and management of silk worms (larvae or caterpillars of Bombyx mori). The production of silk generally involves two processes: Rearing and care of the silkworm from the egg stage through completion of the cocoon and then collection and processing to extract raw silk fibers from them. Production of mulberry trees that provide leaves upon which the worms feed. There are more than five hundred types of silk spinning worms, but only four namely mulberry, tasar, eri, and […] - [Biofloc Technology](https://agriculturewale.com/biofloc-technology/): Biofloc Technology  Biofloc technology (BT) is a fish farming system in which aggregates of bacteria, algae, or protozoa, held together in a matrix along with particulate organic matter are used in order to improve water quality, waste treatment and disease prevention in intensive aquaculture systems’. The technique recycles waste nutrients as fish food as consumption of bioflocs also provides nutritional value to cultured aquatic species. Thus BT can be an ideal option for sustainable and environmentally friendly aquaculture. BT is used in large-scale shrimp and finfish farms, mainly in Asia. Tilapia is currently among the most common species farmed in biofloc systems, since they […] - [Important Question on Monetary Policy](https://agriculturewale.com/important-question-on-monetary-policy/): Important Question on Monetary Policy Monetary policy refers to the control of quantity of money available in an economy and the channel by which new money is supplied. The policy mainly aims to maintain price stability. There are several direct and indirect instruments that are used for implementing monetary policy. Questions from these are often asked in banking exams and interview. What is Repo Rate? The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank provides liquidity under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF) to all LAF participants against the collateral of government and other approved securities. What is Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) Rate? […] - [Tools of Financial Statements Analysis](https://agriculturewale.com/tools-of-financial-statements-analysis/): Tools of Financial Statements Analysis A number of techniques are used for proper analysis and interpretation of such information. The most commonly used techniques of financial analysis are: Comparative Statements The figures in the comparative statements can be used for identifying the direction of changes and also the trends in different indicators of performance of an organisation. It can be prepared by following steps: List out absolute figures in rupees of two points of time. Find out change in absolute figures by subtracting the first year from the second year and indicate the change as increase (+) or decrease (–) and, […] - [Financial Statement Analysis](https://agriculturewale.com/financial-statement-analysis/): Financial Statement Analysis What is Financial Statement? Financial statements, i.e., Income Statement and Balance Sheet are summarised financial reports which shows the operating results and financial position of companies. The detailed information of financial statements is useful for assessing the operational efficiency and financial soundness of a company. A number of techniques are used for proper analysis and interpretation of such information. Meaning of (FSA) Financial Statements Analysis The term ‘financial analysis’ includes both ‘analysis and interpretation’. Analysis means simplification of financial data by methodical classification given in the financial statements. Interpretation means explaining the meaning and significance of the data. […] - [What is Mutual Fund](https://agriculturewale.com/what-is-mutual-fund/): What is Mutual Fund? Mutual fund is pooled collection of assets from many investors. It is a trust or company that collects money from many investors and invests in various asset classes such as, equity, debt, liquid asset etc. Since all the profit, loss, risks and dividends from the investment are shared among all the investors according to their contributions, it is called “Mutual.” Mutual funds in India are regulated by SEBI. History of Mutual Funds Unit Trust of India (UTI) was the 1st mutual fund set up in India in 1963. The government allowed public sector banks and institutions to […] - [Gestation and Lactation Period](https://agriculturewale.com/gestation-and-lactation-period/): Gestation and Lactation Period In mammals, gestation is the time between conception and birth, during which the embryo or fetus is developing in the uterus. The time interval of a gestation is called the gestation period. The length of gestation varies from species to species. The shortest known gestation is that of the Virginian opossum, about 12 days, and the longest that of the Indian elephant, about 22 months. Usually, smaller animals have shorter periods of gestation than larger ones except few cases. Another factor is that, in many species with restricted breeding seasons, gestation is adjusted so that birth coincides with the period when food is most abundant. Animals that live […] - [Cultivar- Meaning and Types](https://agriculturewale.com/cultivar-meaning-and-types/): Cultivar- Meaning and Types Meaning and Definition Cultivar is a contraction for cultivated variety and is synonymous with variety. A cultivar is a plant(s) selected for desirable characteristics that can be maintained by propagation. A cultivar is a kind of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. A cultivar is also a unique population of plants, but it is artificially maintained by human efforts and is named. Many cultivars can not continue to exist without human effort. In fact, the word cultivar originated from the need to distinguish between wild plants and those with characteristics that […] - [MCQs on Bank & Post Office Deposit Scheme](https://agriculturewale.com/mcqs-on-bank-post-office-deposit-scheme/): MCQs on Bank & Post Office Deposit Scheme 1. PPF stands for? A. Public profit fund B. Public provident fund C. Public potential fund 2. The amount in PPF is………………from wealth tax. A. Fully exempted B. Partially exempted C. Both A & B D. None of these 3. In case of PPF, account………….be attached to any claim in case of debt or liability. A. Can B. Can not C. Both A & B D. None of these 4. Individual can have how many PPF accounts under his name either in post office or bank? A. Two B. Three C. Many D. […] - [Soil Porosity](https://agriculturewale.com/soil-porosity/): Soil Porosity Soil porosity is the fraction of the total soil volume that is occupied by the pore space. The pore space of a soil refers to the portion of the soil volume taken up by air and water. Pore-spaces directly control the amount of water and air in the soil and indirectly influence the plant growth and crop production. Further, size of individual pores, rather than total pore space in a soil, is more significant in its plant growth relationship. Porosity or pore space is inversely related to bulk density. Porosity is calculated as a percentage of the soil volume: […] - [Difference between Stickiness and Plasticity of Soil](https://agriculturewale.com/difference-between-stickiness-and-plasticity-of-soil/): Difference between Stickiness and Plasticity of Soil Stickiness is the ability of soil materials to adhere to other objects, and it may be slightly sticky, sticky, very sticky or non-sticky. Plasticity of a soil is its capacity to change its shape depending on stress and to retain the shape even when the stress is removed. There are also four degrees in plasticity namely, non-plastic, slightly plastic, plastic and very plastic. Soil consistency (resistance of soils to deformation and rupture) is determined for wet, moist and dry soil samples. For wet soils, it is expressed as both stickiness and plasticity. Field Test for Stickiness […] - [Atal Pension Yojana- Eligibility & Benefits](https://agriculturewale.com/atal-pension-yojana-eligibility-benefits/): Atal Pension Yojana- Eligibility & Benefits Atal pension Yojana (APY) is a retirement scheme which provide guaranteed monthly pension to all Indian citizens after the age of 60-years. The scheme mainly aims at poor, under-privileged and workers in the unorganized sector. APY was established by the government of India and was effective from 01, June 2015 onwards. This scheme was named after the former prime minister of India Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Objective of APY To provide guaranteed monthly pension to all Indian citizens after the age of 60-years. Work Process Open APY account in a Bank and choose the monthly […] - [Physical & Chemical Properties of Soil](https://agriculturewale.com/physical-chemical-properties-of-soil/): Physical & Chemical Properties of Soil Soil environment is studied under physical, chemical and biological environments. Thorough understanding of soil properties is essential for its management for higher productivity. Physical Properties of Soil The physical properties of soil with respect to crop production, are texture, structure, bulk density, porosity, consistency, temperature, colour and resistivity. Soil physical properties regulate the movement, retention and availability of water and nutrients to plants, and determine the flow of heat and air into, within and out of the soil. Water movement through a root zone is hampered by any changes to soil physical properties including changes in texture, compaction, porosity or organic […] - [System of Rice Intensification](https://agriculturewale.com/system-of-rice-intensification/): System of Rice Intensification The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a farming method aims to increase the yield of rice using fewer resources and reducing environmental impacts. In this method, Soil, water, plants, and nutrients management are changed so as to create a more productive and sustainable system of rice cultivation. History of SRI The method was developed by a FrenchJesuit Father Henri de Laulanié in Madagascar. He used planting single seedlings and with wider spacing, using less water, and providing more nutrients to the plants through organic matter. These methods showed significant improvements in rice yields, and Father Laulanie’s approach eventually became known […] - [National Rural Livelihood Mission](https://agriculturewale.com/national-rural-livelihood-mission/): National Rural Livelihood Mission The Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India launched the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) by restructuring Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) with effect from 01st April 2013. NRLM was renamed as DAY-NRLM (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission) w.e.f. March 29, 2016. The DAY-NRLM is the flagship program of Govt. of India aims for poverty reduction through building strong institutions of the poor, particularly women, and enabling these institutions to access a range of financial services and livelihoods. DAY-NRLM adopts a demand driven approach, enabling the States to formulate their own State specific poverty […] - [Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium](https://agriculturewale.com/small-farmers-agribusiness-consortium/): Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) is an Autonomous Society promoted by Ministry of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India. It was registered under Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860 on 18th January, 1994. SFAC is implementing the central schemes of Government of India namely VCA, EGCGS for economic inclusion of small and marginal farmers in agribusiness activities. The society organizes small and marginal farmers as Farmers Interest Groups, Farmers Producers Organisation and Farmers Producers Company for endowing them with bargaining power and economies of scale. It provides a platform for increased accessibility and cheaper availability […] - [Rice Cultivation and Production](https://agriculturewale.com/rice-cultivation-and-production/): Rice Cultivation and Production Introduction Rice is widely cultivated in India and is the staple food of people from Southern and eastern parts of India. China is the leading producer of rice in the world followed by India. West Bengal is the leading rice producer state in India followed by Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra, Punjab, Orissa, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Assam and Haryana. Generally, rice cultivation needs a lot of water and is also labour intensive therefore, it is practiced in those places wherein the labour cost is less and rainfall is high. Scientific Name: Oryza sativa (Asian Rice) and Oryza glaberrima (African […] - [Fund Based and Non-Fund Based Credit Facilities](https://agriculturewale.com/fund-based-and-non-fund-based-credit-facilities/): Fund Based and Non-Fund Based Credit Facilities Banks offer various types of credit facilities to their customers which may broadly be classified into two groups on the basis of Funding – Fund Base Credit Non Fund Base Credit. Fund based credit facilities are those in which an actual outflow of funds from the bank to the borrower takes place, typically involves cash transactions; whereas non-fund based facilities are those, which do not involve such outflow of the bank’s funds or does not deal with cash transactions or funds. Examples of fund based facilities are term loan, cash credit and overdraft; whereas […] - [Artificial Insemination- Technique and Application](https://agriculturewale.com/artificial-insemination/): Artificial Insemination- Technique and Application Artificial insemination is the introduction of sperm into a female’s cervix for achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse. It is a common practice in animal breeding, including dairy cattle, sheep, and pigs. Artificial insemination (AI) is the process of introducing sperm cells from a male animal and manually depositing them into the reproductive tract of a female. Apart from natural mating, AI is commonly used in many species of animals as it provides many benefits like increased safety of the animals and producer, increased production efficiency and better genetics and can reduce many of the risks involved with […] - [Basmati Rice- Production, Cultivation & Certification](https://agriculturewale.com/basmati-rice/): Basmati Rice- Production, Cultivation & Certification Basmati is a long, slender-grained aromatic rice variety which is traditionally grown in India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Agro-climatic conditions of the specific geographical area, as well as the method of harvesting, processing and aging, attribute these characteristic features to Basmati rice. Owing to its unique characteristics the “scented Pearl” lends a touch of class that can transform even the most ordinary meal into a gourmet’s delight. Many countries use domestically grown basmati rice crops; however, basmati is geographically exclusive to certain districts of India and Pakistan. According to Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), a rice variety […] - [In Vivo and In Vitro Techniques](https://agriculturewale.com/in-vivo-and-in-vitro-techniques/): In Vivo and In Vitro Techniques In vivo is Latin for “within the living.” It refers to work that’s performed in a whole, living organism. In vitro is Latin for “within the glass.” It refers to work that’s performed or happens outside of a living organism. The main difference between in vitro and in vivo is that in vitro refers to the experimental procedures performed outside a living organism whereas in vivo refers to the experimental procedures performed within a living organism. In vivo experiments are performed under physiological conditions while in vitro experiments are performed under controlled laboratory conditions. In vitro, in vivo, or in situ methods are used […] - [Agriculture Current Affairs (January- April 2023)](https://agriculturewale.com/agriculture-current-affairs-january-april-2023/): Agriculture Current Affairs (January- April 2023) International Year of Millets India’s proposal to observe an International Year of Millets in 2023 was approved by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in 2018 and the United Nations General Assembly has declared the year 2023 as the International Year of Millets. This was adopted by a United Nations Resolution for which India took the lead and was supported by over 70 nations. Read more…Millets- Cultivation, Production & Nutrition SAIME Initiative Under Sustainable Aquaculture in Mangrove Ecosystem (SAIME) initiative, farmers have taken up cultivation of shrimp at 30 hectares in West Bengal. The community-based […] - [Global Warming- Cause, Effects & Mitigation](https://agriculturewale.com/global-warming/): Global Warming- Cause, Effects & Mitigation Introduction Global warming refers to the long-term warming of the planet’s overall temperature. Since the Industrial Revolution, the global annual temperature has significantly increased about little more than 1 degree Celsius. As the human population has increased the burning of fossil fuel has increased. Though global warming going on for a long time, for the last 40 years, it has been noted that global annual temperature rise by 0.18 degrees Celsius per decade. When the sun’s rays penetrate the atmosphere, but when that heat is reflected off the surface cannot escape back into space is […] - [Fertilization in Plants- Process and Types](https://agriculturewale.com/fertilization-in-plants/): Fertilization in Plants- Process and Types In all organisms, fertilization is the fusion of the hereditary material of two different sex cells, or gametes each of which carries half the number of chromosomes typical of the species. Fertilization refers to union of a sperm nucleus (paternal origin) with an egg nucleus (maternal origin) to form the primary nucleus of an embryo. The first significant event in fertilization is the fusion of the membranes of the two gametes, resulting in the formation of a channel that allows the passage of material from one cell to the other. Fertilization in advanced plants is preceded by pollination, during which pollen is transferred to, and establishes contact with, the female gamete or macrospore. Fusion in advanced animals is usually followed by […] - [Botany One Liner Part 2](https://agriculturewale.com/botany-one-liner-part-2/): Botany One Liner Part 2 The force or pressure within the cell exerted by fluid that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall is called- Turgor pressure. Turgor pressure plays a key role in the opening and closing of stomatain leaves and also plays a significant role in the promotion of plant growth. The magnitude of turgor pressure is determined by- Water potential and osmotic potential. Turgidity is the point at which the cell’s membrane pushes against the cell wall, which is when turgor pressure is high. When the cell has low turgor pressure, it is– Flaccid. A modified form of asexual reproduction in […] ## Pages - [Contact Us](https://agriculturewale.com/contact-us/):     - [Disclaimer](https://agriculturewale.com/disclaimer/): Disclaimer for Agriculture Wale If you require any more information or have any questions about our site’s disclaimer, please feel free to contact us by email at agriculturewales@gmail.com Disclaimers for Agriculture Wale All the information on this website – https://agriculturewale.com/ – is published in good faith and for general information purpose only. Agriculture Wale does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information. Any action you take upon the information you find on this website (Agriculture Wale), is strictly at your own risk. 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This is started by Mr. Shailesh Kumar Tiwari, M.Sc. (Ag.) in AH & Dairy (BHU).  We are dedicated to providing you the best knowledge and information about agriculture, with an emphasis to provide you with the basics as well as the best materials for your competitive knowledge of agriculture. Keeping in view these, we have added best reading materials for JRF, SRF, ARS, SAU’s Entrance Exams, NABARD etc. along with the Schemes section related to farmers interests. Agriculture Wale has initiated an excellent platform for agriculture students […] - [Privacy Policy](https://agriculturewale.com/privacy-policy/): Who we are Our website address is: https://agriculturewale.com. What personal data we collect and why we collect it Comments When visitors leave comments on the site we collect the data shown in the comments form, and also the visitor’s IP address and browser user agent string to help spam detection. An anonymized string created from your email address (also called a hash) may be provided to the Gravatar service to see if you are using it. The Gravatar service privacy policy is available here: https://automattic.com/privacy/. After approval of your comment, your profile picture is visible to the public in the context […] - [Sample Page](https://agriculturewale.com/sample-page/): This is an example page. It’s different from a blog post because it will stay in one place and will show up in your site navigation (in most themes). Most people start with an About page that introduces them to potential site visitors. It might say something like this: Hi there! I’m a bike messenger by day, aspiring actor by night, and this is my website. I live in Los Angeles, have a great dog named Jack, and I like piña coladas. 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